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Hi, Daddy.

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This might have that here again.

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In the last lecture I have said that the multicast used the class D for the destination.

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Alright, so now we have to go more into details about that to see what direction are being used and

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why this right is being used.

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And also we have to see about the Mac address, which is the layer two.

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So we know that every time any machine will want to send any traffic, so it should have the Mac and

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the IP of the destination and the microphone and the IP offer itself.

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So we are going to see what Mac addresses we use on the multicast and we are also going to see about

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the layer three, which is the IP address.

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So let's go directly to the explanation.

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So I already have said I wanna reserve the class D for multicast.

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Ioana is the organization responsible for all IP addresses in the world, so they have Class A, class

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B, class C, class D, and also they have Class E, which is for best interest.

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So they have reserved the Class D to be used for the multicast.

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You cannot use Class D for the normal unicast or broadcast the traffic that we do.

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So it's only for multicast.

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Now, there is a difference between the multicast and unicast is that unicast IP addresses represent

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a single network device.

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So once you put, for example, on your computer, an IP of one or two was accepted, for example,

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0.1 then that means that this is a representing a single machine that is a unique custom IP address.

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Why multicast represent a group of network devices or receiver.

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As I have already said to you that once you want to make multicast, you will send it to a group of

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devices that want to receive this streaming video.

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All right.

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Now let's check the third point.

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The range of the IP others is reserved for format cuts as from 2 to 4 000 until 239.255.255.25.

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So this is the range that is being reserved for multicast.

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Of course, we will see in a moment that not all of this is being used for multicast because there are

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some of the that, say sub branches inside this range are being reserved for some other network protocol,

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but they are multicast.

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So we'll speak about that in a moment.

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Now, if someone want to say why it is from 2 to 4 zero zero 0 to 3 9.255.255.255 is because of multicast.

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The first four bits of the first octet there are 1110.

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So once that are 1110 and one, you play with the other bits which are for the other octet that it will

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see that it will start from 2 to 4 zero zero after 239.255.255.255.

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Now there are some ranges, as I have said, that the reserves such as the rest of 224.00 0 to 2 to

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4.0.0.255.

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And this reg is being reserved by Ana.

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They use this range for the network protocols.

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So that means what you never have to use any of your multicast group from this range from 2 to 4 zero

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zero after 2 to 4 00.255.

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Don't use this range at all because it's not going to work because those reg are being used for some

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network protocols.

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For example, if we look, that is the list that I have showed you.

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If you know about OSPF, you know that they are hello packets.

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They work on 2 to 4 .0.0.5.

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So it is for the hello packet.

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Did this for the the R and B, they are on OSPF for example.

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That is for the version to update.

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It is for HRP thereafter updates.

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So you can see that all this reg is being used for some network protocol.

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So again, do not use ever the rush from 2 to 4 .0.0 until 2 to 4 .0.0.255.

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Why do you want to create your multicast group now?

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In addition to that there multicast right there is another range that also advised to not use it, which

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is 2 to 4 .0.120 24 because this also is being used for some applications.

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Now the difference between this one and the one that we have seen them for, the network protocols that

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in case you use from the range of the network protocols, which is the first one we see that one that

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did not come from network one here.

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If you use this, Reg, it's still work, but it will add up having for you some conflict because look,

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some of the applications they use from there, they are using from this financial entity that is 2 to

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4 011, for example, something like an SS 224016.

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So you can see that there are some application being used from this up from this range of IP.

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So that means bottom line, do not.

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Use when you want to do multicast.

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Any of those two ranges 224000 slash 90 4224010 24.

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All right, so just put this in your mind.

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Now, the last thing that I want to say about the IP address is that as we have a unique public and

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private IP address, also we have the same on a multicast.

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So iyana the average of the subnet 239.0.0.0/8 to be used for multicast inside our network.

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That means what that everything which is 2392020202392552552245.

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Is safe to use in our network for multicast.

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And you will see when we do the lot, I'm going to use a multicast group from this reg starting from

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those three nine or something.

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That's something that's something that's not a problem.

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So as I review, remember, do not ever use the 224000, the 224010.

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And the multicast when you're using the multicast group because those are reserved by IANA, some for

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the network protocols and some for applications.

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Also, we have shared that the range of the multicast stuff from 2 to 4 000 after 239.255.25.255, which

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is Class D.

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And we have seen that the difference between the unicast, that the multicast that that when you put

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that IP for unicast, that's for single machine while on multicast, you assign it for a group of machines.

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All right.

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Now, the last thing that we shared is that it's always safe to use the 239.0.00 and the 272255255255

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because that is reserved by IANA for us to use it and multicast.

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So this is all about the layer three.

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So now we understand it.

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Let's see now about the layer two, which is the MAC address or what is the MAC address that is being

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used on the multicast now on layer two iota has allocated for layer two multicast others a ranch.

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Also for layer two, they have allocated a rush.

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The rush starts from

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010058000000.

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So that's a mac address from this rush.

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2010057f, f, f f.

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All right, so anything between this range, then this is allocated for the letter to a multicast.

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This will leave us 23 bits available to be used.

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A multicast group idea.

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All right.

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To see what we do.

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The lab, once we use multicast, we see that the the layer two will be shown up from this right from

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here to here.

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So what does it mean?

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Bottom line, whatever.

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You see a mac address going to a destination and starting with 010054, which is you can see that is

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here.

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This is here.

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So why don't you see something starting from the 01005 that no, that that is multicast layer two other

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thing.

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All right.

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So again, remember, that is for the destination.

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So now we understand about the nature of layer two on the multicast and the upcoming section.

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I have to start there working a little bit with the labs.

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So we have to prepare our thick routers to be able to do the lab.

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So we need to take the package for multicast and put it on the roster because that Ultra normally does

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not have the multicast package enabled by default that we have to start playing with the lab.

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So I hope that this lecture was informative for you and also incoming lecture.